Padmanbha Swamy Temple Essay Example

Padmanbha Swamy Temple Essay Padmanabhaswamy Temple From Wikipedia, the free reference book | Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple | Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple Location in Kerala| Coordinates:| 8â °28? 58? Nâ 76â °56? 37? ECoordinates: 8 °28? 58? Nâ 76â °56? 37? E| Name| Proper name:| Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple| Location| Country:| India| State:| Kerala| Location:| Thiruvananthapuram| Temple Details| Primary god God:| Padmanabhaswamy (Vishnu)| Design and culture| Architectural styles:| Dravidian architecture (Kovil)| Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple (Malayalam: , s? I padma? abhasvami k? et? a? ?) is a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu located in Thiruvananthapuram, India. The place of worship is as of now run by a trust headed by theâ royal group of Travancore. [1] The sanctuary is one of 108 Divya Desams (Holy Abodes of Vishnu) †chief focuses of love of the god in Vaishnavism. The sanctuary, developed in the Dravidian style of engineering, is celebrated in the Divya Prabandha, the early medieval Tamil literature group of the Tamil Alvar saints (sixth ninth hundreds of years CE), with auxiliary increments to it made all through the sixteenth century CE, when its ornate Gopuram was built. [2][3] The latest remodels to the sanctuary happened in the eighteenth century CE. The sanctuary includes intensely in Akilam fiveâ seriesâ of the Akilathirattu Ammanaiâ corpus, the blessed content of the Ayyavazhi belief framework. We will compose a custom paper test on Padmanbha Swamy Temple explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Padmanbha Swamy Temple explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Padmanbha Swamy Temple explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Administrations were furnished to the neighborhood network with the sanctuaries income. The sanctuary gave its name to Kerala’s state capital Thiruvananthapuram. ‘Thiru’ ‘Anantha’ ‘Puram’ means Sacred Abode of Lord Anantha Padmanabha. The head deity, Padmanabhaswamy, is revered in the Anantha-sayanam act (in the unceasing rest of Yoga-nidraâ on theâ serpent Ananta). [4] The Travancore Kings viewed themselves as ‘Padmanabha-dasa’ (Servant of Lord Padmanabha). * | - [edit]History In ealier years[when?  Padmanabhaswamy Temple and its properties were constrained by eight powerful Nair feudal rulers known as Ettuveetil Pillamar (Lords of the Eight Houses), under the direction of the Council of Eight and a Half. In a skirmish of progression in the eighteenth century, King Anizham Thirunal Valiya Marthanda Varma, the ruler generally viewed as the organizer of Travancore, effectively stifled the Ettuveetil P illais and his cousins following the revelation of intrigues the Lords were engaged with against the Royal House of Travancore. The last significant remodel of the Padmanabhaswamy sanctuary was likewise done by Marthanda Varma. On January 3, 1750, Anizham Thirunal gave up the realm of Travancore to Padmanabha, the divinity at the sanctuary, and swore that he and his relatives would serve the realm asPadmanabha Dasa. [4] Since at that point, the name of each Travancore King was gone before by the title Padmanabha Dasa, while the female individuals from the Royal family were called Padmanabha Sevinis. The gift of the Kingdom to Sree Padmanabhaswamy was known as Thripadidanam and a short time later the Maharaja was known as Sree Padmanabha Dasa Vanchipala Varma Kulashekara Kireetapati. By giving up the realm to Lord Padmanabha, the entire Travancore state turned into the property of Sree Padmanabhaswamy. - [edit]The sanctuary The historical backdrop of the sanctuary goes back to the eighth Century CE, when Thiruvananthapuram was administered by the Chera Dynasty. The Divya Prabandhacanon of writing by the Alvars glorifies this sanctuary as one of 11 Divya Desams in Kerala. It is said that there are references to this sanctuary in four puranas; in particular Brahma, Vayu, Varaha, Padma. The eighth century Alvar poet Nammalvar created four slokas and one phalasruthi about this sanctuary. 5][6] Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple Padmanabhaswamy Temple remains at a spot considered one of the seven Parasurama Kshetras; writings including the Puranas, especially theSkanda Purana and Padma Purana, have references to this sanctuary. Passage of Sree Padmanabhaswamy sanctuary The two yearly celebrations of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple come full circle in a terrific p arade, in which the three divinities (Padmanabha, Narasimha andKrishna) are continued blossom deck and tastefully finished Garuda Vahanas to Shankumugham Beach, for arattu (hallowed bathing). The arattu days are pronounced as nearby open occasions in Thiruvanathapuram. [edit]Gopuram The establishment of the present gopuram was laid in 1566. [7] The sanctuary has a 100-foot,[8]â seven-level gopuram made in the Pandyan style. [9] The sanctuary remains by the side of aâ tank, named Padma Theerthamâ (meaning the lotus spring). The sanctuary has a hallway with 365 and one-quarter designed rock stone columns with expand carvings. This passage reaches out from the eastern side into the sanctum sanctorum. An eighty-foot banner staff remains before the primary section from the prakaram (passageway). The ground floor under the gopuram (principle entrance in the eastern side) is known as the Nataka Sala where the popular sanctuary craftsmanship Kathakali was organized in the late evening during the ten-dayâ uthsavamâ (festival) led two times every year, during the Malayalam monthsâ of Meenam and Thulam. [edit]Sreekovil | This articleâ may containâ wording that just advances the subjectâ without giving certain data. If it's not too much trouble evacuate or supplant such wording, except if you can citeâ independent sourcesâ that bolster the portrayal. In the Sreekovil, Vishnu is delineated in a leaning back situation over the serpent Anantha or Adi Sesha. [10] The snake has his face pointed inwards (connoting examination). The Lords right hand hangs over Shiva. Sridevi, the Goddess of Prosperity and Bhudevi the Goddess of the Earth, two consorts of Vishnu remain close by and the god Brahma emerges on a lotus, which exudes from the navel of Vishnu. The i con is supposed to be produced using 12008 Saligram. These Saligram are from the banks of the Gandaki River in Nepal, and it is accepted that they were carried with much function on elephants. The symbol is secured with, Katusarkara yogam, a unique ayurvedic blend, was utilized to make a mortar which keeps the god clean. The every day venerate is with blossoms and for the abhishekam, exceptional divinities are utilized. The blossoms have consistently been expelled utilizing peacock quills dreading harm to the katusarkara. [citation needed] The stage before vimanam and where the god rests are both cut out of a solitary stone and thus called Ottakkal Mandapam. So as to perform darshan and puja, one needs to jump on to the Mandapam. The divinity is obvious through three entryways †Face of the Lord and Siva Linga underneath his submit the principal entryway, Brahma situated on lotus exuding from the Lords navel alongside the Utsava moorthi and gods of Lord Vishnu, Sridevi and Bhudevi in the subsequent entryway and the Lords feet in the third entryway. Just the King of Travancore may perform Namaskaram, or bow prostrate on the Ottakkal Mandapam. It is generally held that anyone who bows prostrates on the mandapam has given up such he/she has to the divinity. Since the ruler has just done that, he/she is allowed to bow on this mandapam. There are other significant places of worship inside the sanctuary for Hindu gods Sri Narasimha, Sri Krishna, Sri Ayyappa, Sri Ganesha and Sri Hanuman. Numerous other little holy places like Kshetrapalan (who watches the sanctuary), Vishwaksena and Sri Garudaâ are additionally present. The methodology street to Sree Padmanabhaswamy sanctuary - [edit]Legend There are numerous legends with respect to the root of the sanctuary. One such legend says that Vilvamangalathu Swamiyar false name Divakara Muniâ prayed to Krishna for his darshan. Krishnaâ came in camouflage as a little, underhanded kid. The kid gulped the Saligrama which was kept in Puja. The Sage got rankled at this and pursued the kid until the kid concealed himself behind a tree. The tree tumbled down and became Vishnu in Anantha Shayanam (leaning back stance on Anantha the snake) †however when he did as such, he was of an uncommonly huge size. The Sage, perceiving that the tree was Vishnu, argued that on account of the enormous structure the ruler had showed before him he couldn't either have a psyche satisfying darshan or circumambulate him. He at that point requested that the Lord therapist to a littler extent †threefold the length of his staff. Promptly, the icon shrank, and the Lord trained the wise that he ought to be venerated through three entryways. These entryways are currently the entryways in the sanctuary through which the icon might be seen. Through the primary entryway, the love is offered to Shiva; during that time entrance to Brahma on the Lords lotus navel, and through the third is Vishnus feet, which are said to prompt salvation. [citation needed] Another story recounts aâ pulayaâ couple seeing Vishnu as a youngster. The youngster took pieces of rice from the hands of the couple. Likewise it is accepted that Divakaramuni, when he saw the god, took the principal food thing he saw which was an unripe Mango on a coconut shell as a contribution plate and performed essential pooja. Right up 'til the present time, the naivedyam or offering of unripe mango is offered to the god here in a similar coconut shell that Divakara Muni offered his prasadam to the Lord. A large number of lovers accept that the Lord has by and by come in camouflage

Response of Community Structure To Sustained Drought In Mediterranean

Question: Depict about the Response Of Community Structure To Sustained Drought In Mediterranean Rivers.? Answer: Meaning of grievous saint and the regular qualities of a terrible legend Grievous saint implies an individual, who had a respectable birth and brimming with probability to turn into a legend, yet God or some other otherworldly powers destined him and constrained him to divert from his point in each progression on his life. These are some quality of sad legend those are regular, for example, gallant favoritism, honorable birth, destined by God or other heavenly influence, the saints ruin known as heartbreaking imperfection, legends miss fortune, toward the finish of the story; saint need to confronted a genuine choice (Harris, 2010). Hamlet as an appalling legend As per the one side supposition, Hamlet is a heartbreaking saint since he needed to satisfy his dads retaliates for and passed on. He prevails to render a retribution on his progression father. Yet, all the while, he lost everything in any event, including his own better half. He lost that individual he cherished most. That individual was his mom. In any case, then again, he didn't bite the dust at Claudiuss hand; he passed on account of Laertes through Claudius' slyness. He may be gotten increasingly appalling in the event that he passed on with the hand of Claudius to satisfy his retribution for his dads demise. The attributes and survey of abstract period As indicated by this story book, this depends on the American writing. As per the American scholarly period, is separating into a few kinds those are talking about here: The time length of Colonial Period is between from the establishing of first settlement in the Jamestown to the episode of the progressive time frame. The primary works on this time were about on the strict, functional and authentic topic. Time of upheaval period was from 1765 to 1790. On this time, some most noteworthy narrative and compositions were approved by War and Revolution. Early National Period was the period when the really American writing was showed up. Sentimental Period was the period in America when all creators were tends to communicate their story by the sentiment. After that the following period was Realistic period. The major abstract structure in this time was sensible fiction. Followed by this period, the following time frame was Naturalistic Period and the time length was 1900 to 1914. This period depended on the normal and natural substance in the writing. Numerous researchers were finding some new proposition as per the earth, for example, Charles Darwin and his postulation. Between the 1914 and 1939, the year was known as The Pre-current Period and on these occasions such a large number of creators and writers investigated the topic, structure, and style and delivered accomplishments in various kind of artistic genera. After that the Modernist Period was showed up and this period was including the policy driven issues, war and so on as the scholarly substance (Wenger et al., 2010). The period and the subject of the time of Shakespeare lived In the writing history, Shakespeare lived in an astounding period. That was the time of relative political consistent quality. That age was considered Elizabethan Age in light of the fact that, Elizabeth I transformed into the leader of the Britain in 1558. The Shakespeare was considered on the six years after that time that was 1564. On that particular time, London has transformed into a fantastic living space for social and business perspective. Indeed, even Shakespeare's, Sir Philip Sidney's, Marlowe's, and Edmund Spenser's ideal magnum opuses of the stage were completely made in the midst of this splendid age in the artistic articulations (Sutton, 2008). The idea of Magical Realism of the book Mystical Realism is a creative kind or style related especially with Latin America that wires extraordinary or amazing segments into commonly sensible fiction. The general story of this book is general considering the writer's life in Fuling. As indicated by North (2011), on this story, creator's crucial reflection was on the scene in the locale, history and close by accounts of that region, and the standard point is the masses of that zone named Fuling. The creator attempts to feature his commitment in the close by life. The significant subject of the story Creator attempts to share some intriguing snapshots of two years contribution in the town. The writer used a few characters that he changed their name in the book, if the key subjects and storyline of the book is particularly delicate. He didn't change some name of the pervasive spots like The Yangtze or Hong Kong. While, according to the story of the book isn't build just considering China. While the clearly gotten recognize, The Murky Yangtze, the green mountain where the creator lived, a couple of moments is more earnestly to delineate the experience got by the creator. The masses of the town were reliably in stacked with life and they all remaining alive by the help of one most beneficial thing, that thing was trust. That is the essential completion of the creator's story. The creator got these experiences to place in two years in the Waterway Town: Yangtze (Gu et al). Examination of the job and the characters: Hamlet In this story, the chose job was Hamlet that was played the creating state of mind and the topic of this work. Here the jobs and attributes of Hamlet are examining: Hamlet was the offspring of Old Hamlet and Gertrude, along these lines ruler of Denmark. The spirit of Old Hamlet blamed him to executing his uncle, Claudius, for killing him and usurping the seat of Denmark. Hamlet was a tricky, gaudy, clever, breathtaking little fellow, ceaselessly intrigued and tormented by questions and examination. It is extensively difficult to tie his real insights and feelings - does he love Ophelia, and does he genuinely mean to kill Claudius? In all honesty, it consistently shows up as though Hamlet looks for after lines of thought and feeling just for their test worth, testing either thought with no excitement for applying his goals in the practical world. The blend of his demeanors, from hyper to inauspicious, seems to cover a huge piece of the extent of human believability (Chen, 2007). Hamlet: the lamentable flew An unfortunate deformity is the crashing and burning of a shocking legend, a character who suffers obliteration through the pitiful imperfection in stirred up choices or in personality. Hamlet's horrifying deformity is his inability to act to fight back for his father's going, regardless of the reality was the facts confirm that he had generous concerns. That keeps him to comprehend about satisfactory conduct as unmistakably know and inspects that the method of Ghost. According to Boix et al. (2010), at the point he saw the presence of the Ghost of his dead dad, who blamed him for the exhausting task of getting revenge for the backstabber who was liable for his passing, Hamlet is pushed to recognize the test regardless of the way that he explanations behind alert to: As a Protestant trained at Wittenberg, the college of Martin Luther, he is illicit to act in retaliate for considering the way that discipline is for God to take, not humankind. As the play progress Hamlet believes that its difficult to execute his vengeance. He required some check the Ghost of his dad and not some foul companion of the spirit world and he additionally required some inquiry that Claudius was really foul or not. Thus, Hamlet intended to act as frantic trusting if this arrangement will drive Claudius for reveal his fault and guiltlessness. Or maybe, Claudius chooses to send him in a death plot. According to Weitz (2007), Hamlet additionally arranged the mouse-trap scene by playing a demonstration that is delegated for execution. He asked the troupe from on-screen characters to authorize a scene like how Hamlet envisions Claudius slaughter his sibling who was the dad of Hamlet. In last investigation, Hamlet's incredible shocking flew was his inability to pick about the side of the Ghost or about the side of his vengeance. Finally his retribution drives him to the fiendish graves of his every nearby individual those are his mom, his better half Ophelia and his companions. References: Boix, Dani, et al. Reaction Of Community Structure To Sustained Drought In Mediterranean Rivers.Journal of Hydrology383.1 (2010): 135-146 Chen, Xiangming. A story of two locales in China quick financial turn of events and moderate modern redesigning in the Pearl River and the Yangtze River Deltas.International Journal of Comparative Sociology48.2-3 (2007): 167-201 Gu, Chaolin, et al. Environmental change and urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta.Habitat International35.4 (2011): 544-552 Harris, Jonathan Gil. Shakespeare and scholarly hypothesis. (2010) North, Michael. Visual Histories: The Year as Literary Period.MLQ: Modern Language Quarterly62.4 (2011): 407-424 Sutton, Alan. The Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River in China.Geography(2008): 111-126 Weitz, Morris. Hamlet and the way of thinking of scholarly analysis. (2007) Wenger, Seth J., et al. Macroscale hydrologic displaying of naturally pertinent stream metrics.Water Resources Research46.9 (2010)

What Freedoms the Fourth Tradition Grants AA Groups

What Freedoms the Fourth Tradition Grants AA Groups Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Print Tradition 4: AA Group Autonomy and Responsibility Group Freedom and Responsibility in the 12 Traditions of AA and Al-Anon By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on January 16, 2020 Tom Merton / Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Tradition 4 of the 12 traditions of Alcoholics Anonymous states that the freedom individual groups have carried with it the admonition to protect the fellowship as a whole. This means that meeting formats can vary from group to group, but it also cautions against straying too far from the usual program. Tradition 4: Each group should be autonomous except in matters affecting other groups or AA as a whole. Tradition 4 Grants AA Group Freedom With  Responsibility to the Whole Each 12-step group has complete freedom to decide for itself the program content of its meetings and the topics that will be discussed. The group can decide if the meeting will be open or closed and when and where the meeting will be held. Each group can decide to change its meeting format and has complete authority to spend its funds as needed. The group can also decide how it wishes to begin and end its meetings. Some groups close with a prayer, while others have a moment of silence. In all of these matters, each group has total freedom. It is entirely up to the membership of that individual group. But the second part of this tradition reminds each group that it has a responsibility also to the worldwide fellowship and other groups. By adhering to the traditions and principals of its program, each group can assure that it will not stray too far away from the programs basic tenets. Limits to Freedom Granted By the Fourth Tradition The autonomy provided in Tradition 4 does not mean an individual group has the authority to re-word the 12 steps or traditions or to create its own literature. Nor should groups introduce, discuss, or sell outside literature at their meeting places. Other than that, groups have complete freedom to design their programs to the needs of their members, which can result in a wide variety of formats. Many a meeting has gotten away from the look and feel of its primary purpose by using non-conference-approved literature, showing videos of popular self-help speakers, or allowing treatment professionals to speak at open meetings on the latest therapy techniques. There is a saying that there is no right or wrong way to hold a meeting, but the group can cease carrying the message if it strays too far from its traditions and concepts. How Group Autonomy Creates Different Environments One AA member described what it was like when encountering groups that did things differently. He says that when he first came into AA, he learned how it went in his little group, and as he went to other groups in neighboring towns, he would think, They dont do their meetings right, simply because they werent the same as the first group he went to. Today these little things that used to bother him make him realize that theyre what makes all these groups unique and different. He looks forward to the different meetings now because theyre unique in their own rights. As long as the guidelines of the program are followed and the basic message is there for everyone, the autonomy of each group is one more example of why Alcoholics Anonymous works.

Sample Resume Maurices Store - 1250 Words

The company that I chose to do my presentation on is Maurices Store. I worked in retail as a manager for 12 years at the former County Seat and one of my assistants is still working retail as a manager at Maurices here in Dubuque. I was interested in choosing retail sales because it is where I started and I wanted to see how it has changed over the years. Maurices was founded in 1931 by E. Maurice Labovitz and is now owned by Ascena Retail Group, Inc. Maurices home office in located in Duluth, Minnesota, the site of its very first store. What started in 1931 as a small women s fashion shop in Duluth, Minnesota, has grown to over 800 stores in 44 states across the country. Maurices is the leading small town specialty store and authority for the savvy, fashion conscious customer with a twenty-something attitude. For seven decades, Maurices has stayed true to their high standards for fashion, value and great customer service. Their styles are inspired by the girl in everyone in every size. Maurices selling process involves 7 steps they are: SELebration, Liv Ready, First Moments, Building the Selling Experience, Fitting Room, Follow-up, Final Moments. Associates are trained through visual training on iPad, vidcast training on iPad, reading materials on training iPad. Each associate deserves a consistent experience when starting their shift. In a tam selling environment, continuous associate growth is necessary to achieve successful team results. The SEL (manager on duty)Show MoreRelatedHistory of Mcdonald6287 Words   |  26 PagesMcDonald s Corporation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_McDonald%27s McDonald’s is a company which has a colorful history and developed the culture associated with the Fast Food Chain today. In 1937, the McDonald’s brother Richard and Maurice opened the first McDonald’s restaurants in America; it was a freestanding business that offered until then an unthought-of concept. The main items they then sold were beef or pork burgers, fries and drinks. Their restaurant were set up differentlyRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagestransfers if it means sacrificing family or leisure time. Organizations that do get employees to relocate often must offer employment assistance for spouses. Such assistance can include contacting other employers, providing counseling and assistance in resume development, and hiring employment search firms to assist the relocated spouse. Additionally, balancing work and family concerns has particular career implications for 10 Section 1 HR Management—Strategies and Environment women, becauseRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesDeciding When to Delegate 464 Deciding to Whom to Delegate 465 Deciding How to Delegate Effectively 465 Review of Delegation Principles 470 International Caveats 471 443 SKILL ANALYSIS 474 Cases Involving Empowerment and Delegation 474 Minding the Store 474 Changing the Portfolio 475 SKILL PRACTICE 476 Exercises for Empowerment 476 Executive Development Associates 476 Empowering Ourselves 480 Deciding to Delegate 481 CONTENTS xiii SKILL APPLICATION 483 Activities for Empowerment and Delegation

Application Of An Information Literacy Program - 1735 Words

access to information in many different formats such as print, electronic, and visual as well as instruction that fosters competence as well as interest in reading, viewing and using information. The last component in accomplishing the mission statement is for the library teacher to collaborate with other educators to design instruction to best meet the needs of the students A strong information literacy program is essential when it comes to helping students be able to use information effectively throughout their life. The focus of an information literacy program is not merely to distribute information but should focus on the process of learning. In order to determine if a program will help increase information literacy it is†¦show more content†¦(AASL, 2006) The other set of standards that guide the scope for the information literacy program here in Utah are the Utah State Core Standards for the Library Media (grades 6-12). 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Classification of Computer Users Free Essays

Steven Cespedes Egan College Writing January 9th, 2012 Classification of Computer Users The sound of the keyboard typing away and the clicking of the mouse throughout the night has become a normal occurrence in  every  American household. Staying up until two or three in the morning browsing the web has become a characteristic of many computer users today. Since the personal computer has been invented life, work, and pleasure have changed drastically. We will write a custom essay sample on Classification of Computer Users or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the creation of the internet, the possibilities with computers are all but endless. People now have the ability to communicate with others from all over the world. With both of these technologies  working together, computers have become a necessity for homes and businesses everywhere. Although the majority of computers are similar in concept, different people use them in different ways. Some use their computers for work and others as a source of entertainment. As long as the world exists, there will be several different types of computer users. The hacker is one type of computer user, they spend most of  their  time electronically breaking into other computer’s. The word hacker is synonymous with internet crimes, however hackers are highly intelligent individuals with a vast knowledge of computers. They spend their time trying to break through security systems of various networks connected to the internet. Hackers are infamous for infiltrating CIA databases, credit card companies, or more recently the PlayStation Network and wreaking havoc. These people stay up for hours looking for codes and passwords for various systems on the internet in the hopes of obtaining some sort of valuable information. There are many websites and forums dedicated to this past time which educates the general public as well as new hackers to their game. They know how the computers operate and are usually very familiar with programming languages, so they can create their own programs to break passwords. Half of the time hackers are not hurting anybody by the activities they perform, they just do it for the experience and for bragging rights within the hacker community. [pic] The gamers are the people who spend their time playing games online. These are the people who stay up to till dawn raiding, shooting, and racing with other people on the internet. There are many games which incorporate the online play such as World of Warcraft and Call of Duty to name a couple. However there are many other games such as The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim and Half Life 2 that offer offline play that is just as popular. The first thing that gamers do when they get on the computer is to check if their friends are playing online. Most of these gamers even add special accessories to enhance their online gaming experience such as a microphone to talk to other players or a joystick that can be used instead of a keyboard. These types of computer users are easily identified, as they often wear licensed game t-shirts around town. The main purpose of the computer for a gamer is to play various games and learn everything they can about each game. These individuals are addicted to playing games online, and can be found staring at their computer screen until the sun comes up. The shoppers are the people who are constantly surfing the internet searching for the newest clothes or gadgets. These are the people who watch Ebay auctions for days, waiting until the last second to outbid everyone else. They will browse hundreds of websites looking for the best bargain. Instead of going to the malls and doing their shopping, they will sit in their chair for hours on end, visiting various websites on the internet. They use the internet to research the newest fashion rather than spending that time to work or study. Internet shoppers are addicted to purchasing goods online because of the ease of having it shipped straight to their door. This use of the computer usually serves to be the most expensive because of all of the money involved in purchases. Downloaders are the people who use the computer mainly for the purpose of downloading anything that is free. These are the people who leave their computers on all day and throughout the night downloading music, movies, and anything else that is available. Torrents are very popular due to the ease of access to the mass amounts of data made accessible to anyone with internet access. The legality of these acts is questionable, but torrent sites somehow manage to get around copyright infringements. Downloaders are constantly working under the radar to get their hands on the newest software for no charge. Downloaders are usually interested in computers with lots of hard drive space to store their data on. [pic] The workers are the people who use their computer for no other purpose than making money. These are the people who are constantly checking if a client has emailed them back, or making corrections to tomorrow’s sales report. Workers usually prefer to use laptop computers for the ease of transporting their data from home to work. Many workers may actually own two computers, one for business and one for pleasure. They usually have the newest and fastest computers, since they can afford them. These people have no problem sitting in a chair typing for eight hours a day if they are paid well to do so. Workers may be the most proficient with a computer due to the fact that they are professionals. [pic] The Social Networkers are the people who spend most of their time socializing over the internet. These are the people who spend may spend more time on Facebook and Twitter than they do talking to real people. They are constantly updating their status and sharing links on their friend’s walls. They spend hours typing away, meeting new people, and making new friends in this online community. Social Networkers enjoy posting about their everyday life, letting every one of their friends (or followers) know exactly what they’re doing around the clock. They will â€Å"like† pages to notify others of their interests, and seek others with similar interests. Social Networks have turned into a competition of who can get the most friends or followers, which draws attention whores by the dozen. These are the people who you can see online Facebook chat half of the day even when they are at work or in school. Each type of user is similar in the way that they spend many hours in front of their computer screen typing away the day and into the night. Computers have made life much easier for some people and have opened numerous doors to many others. The computer has had a major impact on life as we know it, creating jobs everywhere, giving us entertainment when we are bored, and connecting everyone no matter their location in the world. No matter what lifestyle you live, the computer can cater to each one. How to cite Classification of Computer Users, Papers

Learning to Dance free essay sample

The lights are glowing with a fuzzy haze that makes the audience beyond the curtain impossible to see. They are nothing more than a blurred darkness, yet I know they are there. Will they notice if I fall? Will they think me any less talented if I stumble? What if I mess up that one part? â€Å"No,† I tell myself trying to focus back into my present reality, â€Å"Just get out there and do what you love. Focus on nothing but expressing how much you love this with every move you make. What is your passion? What is it that makes you truly your happiest? Dance,† I answer myself in both my anxious head and in my soul. The lights on stage grow dark as the music fades from the current routine. The audience applauds and suddenly the only noise is that of shuffling feet rushing off stage, frantic whispers, the rustling of a costume, and the panicked undertone of someone searching for a lost feather headpiece. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning to Dance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Someone whispers good luck and somewhere far off is the faint voice of the commentator announcing our number. I feel an uncontainable smile cross my face and a shoulder squeeze from a team mate as my feet cross the threshold of reality and into my moment. Ever since I can remember I have been competitive and inclined to being a perfectionist, not entirely happy unless I had done everything just right. No matter how much I told myself to suck it up and be content with myself I would always compare myself to others and wallow in my own shortcoming. In retrospect I can see that everything in my life was in a box. Everything in the box had to be perfect and orderly, there was no room for mistakes or error. The things that filled my box, such as dance, school and relationships, were only valuable based on their tangible successes. Then somehow, perhaps it was by a grand jete , dance came outside of the box. It was no longer about how perfect I had to be, or how I compared myself to othe rs, but that I was doing what I loved. It was then that dance truly became my passion. I realized that if I did not want to lose my love for dance I would have to learn to dance for myself, instead of for those around me whom I was aiming to please. I use dance as a means to fill my soul, test my own limitations, and to expand my premises of artistic expression, and in return dance uses me to better myself. I would not have learned of or accepted my many flaws and strengths if it were not for dance. It is not just a means of expression but a mode of growth and progression in my life. Dance has taught me many key things about hard work and determination in which I have learned to apply toward the rest of my life. I am still a work in progress and yes, there are still many things in the box, but dance is constantly teaching me to accept my flaws and still work hard to better myself. My friends always tell me to stop caring about grades and school all the time, but perfectionism and a drive to do my best are constant forces pushing me and testing my limits. School is incredibly important to me as is preparing myself for the future. My experiences in dance have taught me to always set goals for myself in both my dance skills as well as in school. Dance has also given me a great sense of teamwork and unity even in such a solo-centered sport. I have learned that the best routines are the ones in which all of the dancers are like a family and operate as one supportive unit. The best example of this occurred this past summer when my senior competitive team and I traveled to Nationals in Las Vegas. There we performed our best and took home second place nationally because we were able to form such a close bond over the course of the week. Dance has also taught me to invest in other areas of inspiration where I am free to think and be outside the box of perfection. Such as in creative writing where I have more recently been able to challenge myself and submit more and m ore of my work to free-lance magazines, instead of keeping my projects hidden and worrying about what other people thought. I have also developed a passion for traveling where I can experience new challenges and test my own limitations in resourcefulness and exploration. One of my best experiences was during a school trip to Europe on a World War II tour where I got to experience the incredible freedom of getting to discover the world around me in terms of both the past and present. Ultimately my passion for dance has helped me to grow as a person and discover my own strengths as well as find new passions. Someday I want to look back on my life and admire how far I have come and all that I have accomplished, instead of how far I still have to go. I know, that like everyone, I will never completely overcome my flaws. But for now I would like to think that my passions and enthusiasm for life have taken me to new heights and great successes. Dance has helped me to be this better indiv idual and work my hardest and follow what it is that I love to do. I like to think that all of life is a dance, there will be parts that will be difficult and you will fall flat on your face and others where you will be triumphant. There will be parts when you are the magnificent soloist and others where you are only part of the chorus. There will be parts that will take lots of practice, and ones that come naturally. There will be parts where the choreography will seem old-fashioned or misplaced, but you will not understand how it all fits together until the piece is finished. There will be parts where you dance with passion and vigor, and ones where you will just mark the steps. But what I have learned is that when the moment comes learn to dance; because the stage is waiting.

The Battles of the French and Indian War

The Battles of the French and Indian War The battles of the French and Indian War, also known as the Seven Years War,  were fought around the globe making the conflict the first truly global war. While fighting began in North America, it soon spread and consumed Europe and colonies as far-flung as India and the Philippines. In the process, names such as Fort Duquesne, Rossbach, Leuthen, Quebec, and Minden joined the annals of military history. While armies sought supremacy on land, the combatants fleets met in notable encounters such as Lagos and Quiberon Bay. By the time the fighting ended, Britain had gained an empire in North America and India, while Prussia, though battered, had established itself as a power in Europe. French Indian/Seven Years War Battles: By Theater Year 1754 Battle of Fort Necessity/Great Meadows - North America 1755 Battle of the Monongahela - North AmericaBattle of Lake George - North America 1757 Battle of Plassey - IndiaSiege of Fort William Henry - North America 1758 Siege of Louisbourg - North AmericaBattle of Carillon - North America 1759 Battle of Fort Niagara - North AmericaBattle of Quebec - North AmericaBattle of Quiberon Bay - Europe 1763 Pontiacs Rebellion - North America

Improving Reading Skills for ESL

Improving Reading Skills for ESL Reading is an important part of learning English, but many students find it difficult. This collection of tips  will help you improve reading by using skills you use in your own language.   Tip 1: Read for Gist Gist the main ideas Read the text a first time. Dont stop. Read to understand the main ideas, and dont look up new words. Youll be surprised that you can usually understand the general idea of the story. Tip 2: Use Context Context refers words and situations that are around a word you dont understand. Look at the example sentence: I went to the shlumping to buy some chitla for dinner.   Whats schlumping? - it must be a store because you bought something there. Whats chitia? - It must be food because you are going to eat it for dinner. Tip 3: Use Your Own Language One of the best tips on improving reading is to think about how you read in your own language. Start by thinking about how you read different documents. How do you read the newspaper? How do you read novels? How do you read train schedules? and so on. Taking time to think about this will help give you clues on how to read in English - even if you dont understand every single word. Ask yourself this question: Do I read every word in your own language when I am reading a schedule, summary, or other outlining document? The answer is most definitely: No! Reading in English is like reading in your native language. This means that it is not always necessary to read and understand each and every word in English. Remember that reading skills in your native language and English are basically the same. Tip 4: Understand Different Reading Skills Here is a quick overview of the four types of reading skills used in every language: Skimming - used to understand the gist or main ideaScanning - used to find a particular piece of informationExtensive reading - used for pleasure and general understandingIntensive reading - accurate reading for detailed understanding Skimming Skimming is used to quickly gather the most important information, or gist. Run your eyes over the text, noting important information. Use skimming to quickly get up to speed on a current business situation. Its not essential to understand each word when skimming. Examples of Skimming: The Newspaper (quickly to get the general news of the day)Magazines (quickly to discover which articles you would like to read in more detail)Business and Travel Brochures (quickly to get informed) Scanning Scanning is used to find a particular piece of information. Run your eyes over the text looking for the specific piece of information you need. Use scanning on schedules, meeting plans, etc. in order to find the specific details you require. If you see words or phrases that you dont understand, dont worry when scanning. Examples of Scanning The Whats on TV section of your newspaper.A train / airplane scheduleA conference guide This lesson plan focusing on scanning reading skills can be of help in practicing these skills on your own or in printed out for in-class use. Extensive reading Extensive reading is used to obtain a general understanding of a subject and includes reading longer texts for pleasure, as well as business books. Use extensive reading skills to improve your general knowledge of business procedures. Do not worry if you understand each word. Examples of Extensive Reading The latest marketing strategy bookA novel you read before going to bedMagazine articles that interest you This lesson focusing on improving vocabulary through extensive reading can be of help putting these skills into practice. Intensive reading Intensive reading is used on shorter texts in order to extract specific information. It includes very close accurate reading for detail. Use intensive reading skills to grasp the details of a specific situation. In this case, it is important that you understand each word, number or fact. Examples of Intensive Reading A bookkeeping reportAn insurance claimA contract Improve Other English Skills You can use these reading skills in a number of ways to improve other areas of English learning such as pronunciation, grammar and  increasing vocabulary. Reading Tips to Improve Your PronunciationReading Tips to Improve Your VocabularyReading Tips to Improve Your Conversational SkillsReading Tips to Improve Your GrammarReading Tips to Improve Your Listening Skills Next, review your understanding of these four basic reading skills. If you teach an  English course, you can use these quick review texts in class, as well as this  lesson plan focusing on identifying reading skills.

MGMT338 U2 DB Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MGMT338 U2 DB - Assignment Example Police detective and engineering manager are paid on base plus incentive arrangement. Here, they are compensated at 80% of the compensation plus an incentive component which offers them the chance to reward goal oriented performance (Armstrong, 2003). The benchmarking productivity is crucial for maintaining the standards of the group. Registered nurse and landscaper are paid straight salaries. Here, they are paid predetermined amount of cash annually. One of the effects of the compensation is a reduction in utilisation. The nurses and landscapers are no longer compensated for prescribing treatment and offering landscaping services respectively. Conversely, a mechanical engineer is paid on hourly basis. Here, an engineer is paid their time using hourly rates. This computes the compensation by multiplying the number of hours entered on the transaction sheet by the hourly rate. An engineer is paid depending on the number of hours (Khan, & Jain,

Moral Frameworks for Business Ethics Research Paper

Moral Frameworks for Business Ethics - Research Paper Example Organizations undergo in part a morality breadth by which the organizations are ruled. The people who execute are morally responsible to the people they serve. Similarly, they should also be an inspiration by creating trust and leading via common purpose and understanding. The decisions made by corporations cannot be separated from culture, behavior, and structure. A proposal was outlined by some researchers to associate a corporation to its political and social environment in the same way their decisions interfaced with the economic environment and the structure of the industry. This research represented a rigorous understanding call for social and ethical characteristics, which dominated decision making for corporations. In the last ten years, a large amount of journals in ethics has gained development. In the management of corporations, the strategic part of it came into existence recently and currently is used in planning and business. A researcher took a position that was radica l that there is intrinsic worth in stakeholder’s interest irrespective of if its advances to shareholders interest. From this point of view, a corporation’s success is not the last but in another way should be viewed as a vessel to the advancement of stakeholders’ interest. Ethical analysis is the way of arriving at conflicts resolution in goals and morals. It is vital in business. CSR developments have led to the questioning of investments decision’s moral sensitivity. Facts Morality is majorly on the norms, beliefs, and values which are embedded in the process of socialization, which defines the wrong and right of a specific society. All human beings have a morality which is basic in sensing of wrong and right in association with an activity. In a corporation, the management personnel is recognized as moral people. Moral problems majorly concentrate on the harms brought by or caused to people in ways they cannot control. The principle of harm has been d erived from many sources inclusive of utilitarian, contractual, virtue ethics and deontology. According to the utilitarian, the correct actions are the ones which excavate the best from any given situation. Therefore, harming others does not produce anything good, and if harm is prevented there are always good results in most cases. Every manager in any corporation makes decisions based on this case. Moral problems majorly focus on harms caused to specific groups or individuals beyond their control. The moral problems, which are related to working conditions, are complicated as the harm they cause to particular people or group is due to the benefits derived by others. For instance, the employees of a specific company might be working under pathetic conditions as their managers have embezzled some funds that were meant to deal with the situation. In contrary, a company at times has to execute irrespective of the harm that is caused to other people. The secret behind morality is relat ed to the notion that moral issues are not measures which vary with economic and cultural conditions. The application of morality to business has been made more acceptable than before. Morality in business provides an explicit framework of morality within which business can specifically be evaluated activities by corporations.  

Outbreak of the Marburg Virus :: History Journal Medical Essays

Report from Uige Province I have now been working in Angola as a medical relief agent for three months. It is only recently that people have started talking about a possible outbreak of the Marburg virus here in the Uige Province in Northern Angola. We fear the worst as this disease, a deadly but rare hemorrhagic fever related to the Ebola virus, has many similar symptoms to other infectious diseases such as Malaria or typhoid fever making it difficult to diagnose. After incubating for five to twenty-one days, the disease comes on swiftly with symptoms such as fever, chills, muscular tenderness and headache.1 The fifth day of infection is marked by the appearance of discolored spots and raised bumps around the chest, stomach and back area. Other symptoms at this stage include vomiting, chest pains, nausea, and diarrhea.2 These symptoms quickly become more severe resulting in jaundice, severe weight loss, inflammation of the pancreas, shock, liver failure, and multi-organ dysfunction3. Typically lasting 3-9 days, if a person does survive this period, the recovery process is prolonged, oftentimes marked with recurrent hepatitis, inflammation of the spinal cord, eyes, and parotid gland, transverse myelitis, and orchitis.4 This is worrisome, as in the region where I am currently working there is little room in the local hospital and very limited funds. If the outbreak grows it can only cause more fatalities due to our lack of resources. As of now, only sporadic cases have been reported since the last Marburg virus outbreak in Druba, in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 19985. We can only hope for limited spread of infection, as there is no cure or vaccine for this deadly virus. December 17th, 2004 As of now, there have been 34 reported cases of what might be the Marburg virus and 34 deaths thus resulting in a 100% fatality rating. Currently the outbreak here in Angola is the worst epidemic of any kind of hemorrhagic fever and is continuing to infect as the number of cases increases around 3% each day.6 Fortunately WHO, the World Health Organization, has sent operatives to investigate if, in fact, the virus that is spreading is the Marburg virus and not another hemorrhagic virus. The whole staff at the hospital is becoming nervous, as we are particularly vulnerable to infection.

Habits of the Heart Essay

most is Brian Palmer. He is a successful businessman and is a top level manager in a large company. He got divorced from his first wife because of wrong priorities. When they were still married, he dedicated his time in working for his family. He was under the misconception that the role of a father and husband is to provide his family all the things that they need and for him to be a better father, he should also provide their wants. He thought that if he will earn money, which is more than enough for them, his family will live happily. However, he realized that money and work is not everything. He did not realize the toll that his being a hard working father is affecting his children and his relationship with his wife. After his divorce with his wife, their children chose to live with him. This made him realize that he is not as bad a father that he thinks he is. He might have done something to deserve this love from his children. The divorce gave him time and space to think and reflect on the things that had happened in the past and what he had done wrong for this to happen. It was not easy for him or his kids but as soon as Brian Palmer had decided to be happy with his children, that was turning point of their lives. He had changed his priorities and he had also changed his goals. Now that he is married to his second wife, who also had children with her first husband, he has devoted his life to his marriage and to all his children. He also had reestablished his priorities and he had learned that family comes first. He also learned that love is not buying his wife and children things; it is sharing. Love is sharing in terms of his time, efforts, and even thoughts. This shift of priorities had made him happy and his family happy. Although Brian Palmer’s situation and my situation are not exactly the same, I could say that I can relate with him since we now value the same thing – our family. It is a common mistake for people to dedicate their lives in their work to the point that they sacrifice their time which is supposed to be spent for their family. They often defend themselves that they are doing this for the benefit of their family. They think that by providing everything for their loved ones, they are showing their love for them. This is the common misconception of people. I can relate more to the children of Brian Palmer because I came from a broken family. When I was still young, things were going smoothly. My father had a high position in their company and my mom was starting her own business. They were busy but they still found time to spend with me and my brother. Until, things gradually changed between my parents and us, their children. It started when my parents started to miss special occasions, like my birthday or my brother’s graduation in elementary. It also pained us to see them fight at times. At first, I did not understand why they were fighting over money or why I feel awkward when I they kiss me on the cheeks. I soon realized that I now seldom see them together, except when they’re fighting. It was hard for me and my brother to grow up without our parents when we need them. It came to the point where I hated special occasions because it was just a reminder that I was alone and that I don’t have my parents to celebrate with me or to just be with me. It came to a point where my parents have considered getting divorced. My brother got very depressed that he was needed to be brought to the hospital. It was an eye opener for my parents. They got the chance to see each other and stop and talk a while. They got the chance to reflect and ask themselves, â€Å"how did we get here? † After that incident, my parents decided that family should always come first. This brought a new light to our family. With our parents’ support, my brother slowly recovered from his depression. From that time on, our parent’s lives became happier and they now got the time to be with us. I also became happy and now I could say with pride that my parents love me and I have a happy family. The character that I can relate the least is the character of Margaret Oldham. She is a psychiatrist and is trained to listen to people’s drama in life. This in turn made her flexible to the personalities of people around her. This in turn gave her the tolerance that she needs to fit in the world where diverse personalities exist. She was raised in the stable and has a strong sense of discipline. A strong sense of discipline is something that I am not very accustomed with. During the time when I felt alone and that my parents were not in good terms, there was nobody to discipline me. I was under the impression that I could do anything and everything that I wanted as long as I am not doing anything which is against the law. Margaret was an achiever in school and in her profession. I was not very good in academics since my parents did not set any standards for me. Unlike other parents, they tell their children to achieve the best in school for them to get better jobs and that education is something that they can give their children, which cannot be taken away from them. I, on the other hand, was not very aware of this. Education was something I thought was just a stage in life that I have to go through and that it is something that I should also experience for me to be â€Å"normal† among my peers. I disagree to her belief that people should not expect that a person could make them â€Å"magically happy† because when my parents finally realized their mistake on us and decided to reconcile and have a better family life, I was â€Å"magically happy†. I was blissfully happy to see that my parents were now willing to try their best to catch up on us and know us better. However, I could say that she is right in saying that people should communicate more on what they need and feel to be able to be happy. I think, it is through communication that people can understand one another and be aware of the feelings of other people. She also stated that as an adult, one should accept his/her personal responsibility; that everybody is responsible for themselves. I agree to her in a way because we are responsible of our acts and it is up to us to make decisions for ourselves. However, we should also acknowledge the impact that we have on other people’s lives. Our actions and decisions could affect the people who care for us and are dear to us. In making decisions, we should also consider the effect that the decision could give to others. She believes that a person’s fulfillment involves deep self-knowledge, a wide tolerance of the differences among people, and the willingness to accept responsibility for one’s own life. I must admit that I am not well aware of these responsibilities as a person before, but after I read Margaret Oldham’s character, I must say that it had opened a whole different perspective in my life. It made me realize that there are more things to learn in life so why spend it in self pity.

The Act of Cheating - 870 Words

Let’s say you were raised knowing that punching a person is wrong. Now imagine someone punching you in the jaw. Is it alright for you to punch back? I say that it is only fair you do punch him back. People never want to be on unequal ground with anyone. If you can get an edge you take it. Such is the way of our nature and of our current society. A good example of this is performance enhancing drugs in sports. If a player or team uses it, it gives them an unfair advantage against other teams. Most players and teams respond to this by using those drugs themselves to even the playing field. It’s only fair since the opposing team would have performed drastically better than them if they had not. And by using that example, it is safe to assume that we should do what will benefit us the most in the long run. Now in the the case where you’re friend was able to obtain the answer key for the midterm exam, I would borrow it from him. When my friend offers me the chance to study from it, I wouldn’t be able to turn him down. Glaucon (428 B.C.) once said â€Å" They say that do injustice is, by nature good; to suffer injustice, evil; but that the evil is greater than the good† (p.88). This can be broken down as saying that evil is naturally more beneficial than the benefits of being good. So someone who believes that â€Å"justice doesn’t pay† would believe that being good won’t yield as many benefits as what evil would yield. Therefore they would argue for cheating because it would result in aShow MoreRelatedCheating Is Defined As An Act Of Dishonesty844 Words   |  4 PagesWhat comes to mind when hearing the word â€Å"cheat†? According to Merriam Webster, Cheating is defined as an â€Å"act of dishonesty in order to gain an advantage† (Webster, 2015). Society seems to encourage that people should do whatever it takes to win or succeed. This method has been recycled through any type of accomplishment from politics to performances. The three main areas that people are susceptible to cheat in are athletics, academics, and intimate relationships. There are several ways to cheatRead MoreAcademic Cheating Is The Act Of Being Dishonest899 Words   |  4 PagesAcademic Cheating Academic cheating is the act of being dishonest in assignment or examinations at school (McCabe, Donald, Trevino, and Butterfield 2). It shows a lack of academic integrity. In the recent times, academic cheating is becoming more rampant, and this was confirmed by the many numbers of students who have admitted that they do cheat. Academic cheating can be inform of copying from different tests or other student work, getting or giving help during exams, use of crib notes or even gettingRead MoreEssay on Academic Dishonesty: A Corruptive Social Norm1412 Words   |  6 Pagesand sizes. In fact, 75% of all students openly admit to some form of academic dishonesty throughout their educational career (Cheating Fact Sheet). With so many people who openly admit to academic dishonesty, certain categories of students tend to exhibit more cheating behaviors than others. One classification consists of students in a group. Studies have found that cheating is more prevalent in group oriented setti ngs, such as fraternities and sororities (Anderman and Murdock 17). Most dishonestRead MoreEssay about Cheating in Academics Is an Acceptable Thing to Do751 Words   |  4 Pagescheat to get good grades. Whenever, the word â€Å"cheating† is mentioned, people always assume it is a negative act to do. But what exactly is cheating? According to the article â€Å"Cheating† by D’Arcy Lyness, PhD, the definition of cheating is â€Å"when a person misleads, deceives, or acts dishonestly on purpose.† In other words, cheating in academics means students deceive the teachers. People believe under any circumstances, cheating in academic is an unacceptable act that needs to be avoided at all cost. StudentsRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1707 Words   |  7 Pagescountless acts of cheating and signs of criminal activities by his newly acquainted friends, he begins to realize that the pursuit of the American Dream isn’t as pure and honest as h e once thought. In F. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby, Nick’s countless accounts of the corruption in the elite class shed a darker light on the American Dream and reveal that the honest goal of working hard for riches isn’t as pure as it might seem. This idea, presented by the recurring events and acts of cheating andRead MoreCheating Is A Word?1496 Words   |  6 PagesCheating is a word that no one wants to have attached to their name, because it comes attached with a load of negative stigma. What exactly is the definition of cheating? According to Oxford Dictionaries, the definition of the word â€Å"cheat† is as follows: â€Å"Act dishonestly or unfairly in order to gain an advantage, especially in a game or examination.† As one can adhere through this definition, when someone cheats they are acting in a dishonest way that deprives others of the truth. There are manyRead MoreIs Cheating Ethical1654 Words   |  7 Pagessociety, fairness, or spe cific virtues. Secondly, ethics refers to the study and development of one’s ethical standards (Williams, 2010, pp. 2-4). Cheating is defined in the dictionary as, to deceive by trickery; swindle, however the dictionary fails to tell you if it is right or wrong to cheat. People have many different beliefs when it comes to cheating; some think its fine to do while others completely disapprove (Sullivan, 1992). Consequentialism/Utilitarianism: Utilitarianism is the bestRead MoreConsequences of Cheating in College Examinations864 Words   |  3 PagesConsequences of cheating in college examinations The transition from high school to college is a tough period and often proves to be quite challenging for students. The process of adjusting and getting accustomed to the different kind of work load pressurizes students. Amidst all this pressure of studies, we come across the common phenomenon of cheating. It is an increasingly common problem which has become an even greater problem due to the increasing technology and ways in which students can endRead MoreCheating on College Examinations980 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Name Professor Course Date Cheating on College Exams Introduction Any form of cheating is a form of dishonesty. It is an act of accomplishing something in an unethical behavior. Cheating is used in any kinds of exams, especially college exams. Does it really happen? Sure it does. We argue that many college students cheat during examinations because of several reasons. They can be nervous that is why they cheat, it can also be a reason of time management wherein some college students also workRead MorePersuasive Essay About Cheating In School1567 Words   |  7 PagesAn enormous problem in schools throughout all of America is cheating. Individuals have been trying to solve these issues since they first arose long ago. Cheating in school can cause serious consequences, whether the teacher catches the cheater or not. Throughout my 12 years of school, I have seen my fair share of cheating. Seeing cheating during school is infuriating, and this issue must dissipate. The solution to this problem may be far from our reach, but people have created a few a lternatives

The Yellow Wallpaper, By Harriet Beecher Stowe - 1603 Words

The Yellow Wallpaper is a feminist piece of literature that analyzed women’s struggle in the 1900s, such as medical diagnosis and women’s roles. Over the years, women struggled to attain independence and freedom. In order to achieve these liberties, they were females who paved the way and spoke out about these issues to secure equal rights for women. In addition, these powerful females used their vulnerability to challenge the male domination through their literary work. The Yellow Wallpaper is a direct reflection of Charlotte Perkins Gilman and her political view on women’s health, both mental and physical. In order to have a better understanding of The Yellow Wallpaper, it is imperative to understand the life of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. In 1860, Gilman borned as Charlotte Anna Perkins in Hartford, Connecticut. Her father, Frederick Beecher Perkins abandoned the family when she was only an infant. She surrounded herself by influential women that inspired her ideas of equality and independence, such as Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Later, Gilman attended the Rhode Island School of Design and after graduating she went on to design greeting cards and teach. In 1884, she married and right after her unhappy marriage, she gave birth to a daughter. In this period of her marriage, she suffered through severe depression that affected her for years. In 1887, she entered a sanitarium in Philadelphia, which inspired her to write her famous treasure â€Å"TheShow MoreRelatedThe Yellow Wallpaper, By Harriet Beecher Stowe967 Words   |  4 Pagesguidelines. To stand up and tell men that contrary to what they believe, they are not always right. Among these opinionated women was Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the niece of Harriet Beecher Stowe and the author of many short stories and books on gender inequality. Gilman is most known for her Short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† published in 1892, where she writes about a wife and now a new mother suffering from depression. Through her work she reveals the strength and influence men had over women,Read More The yellow wallpaper619 Words   |  3 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The plot of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† comes from a moderation of Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s personal experience. In 1887, just two years after the birth of her first child, Dr. Silas Weir Mitchell diagnosed Gilman with neurasthenia, an emotional disorder characterized by fatigue and depression. Mitchell decided that the best prescription would be a â€Å"rest cure†. Mitchell encouraged Gilman to à ¢â‚¬Å"Live a domestic life as far as possible,† to â€Å"have two hours’ intellectual lifeRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1547 Words   |  7 Pageswriting as did her personal life. Gilman s treatment for her severe depression and feelings of confinement in her marriage were paralleled by the narrator in her shorty story, The Yellow Wallpaper. Charlotte Perkins Gilman was born in 1860 in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents, Mary Fitch Perkins and Fredrick Beecher Perkins, divorced in 1869. Her dad, a distinguished librarian and magazine editor, played a large role in her education, stressing science and history. Fitch was often away for longRead More Understanding The Yellow Wallpaper1209 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚   There are more reported cases of clinical depression in women than their are in men. There is also, generalized in western cultures, a stereotype that women are fragile and should be more dedicated to maintaining the home, doing feminine things, that they shouldnt work, and be discouraged from intellectual thinking. In the Victorian period (1837-1901) aside from womens suffragette movements the Victorian woman usually upheld this stereotype of a wellRead MoreFeminism, The Yellow Wallpaper, And Jackson s The Lottery1205 Words   |  5 Pages(poet), Charlotte Perkins Gilman (feminist) and Shirley Jackson (writer), are women that used their works of literature to show their views on the ways men controlled their wives physically and mentally. Rich wrote Living In Sin, Gilman wrote The Yellow Wallpaper, and Jackson wrote The Lottery. Although each work of literature is written by a different author, they each have the same common theme, feminism. These writers displayed this co mmon theme throughout the use of literary devices, characterizationRead More A Woman Indefinitely Plagued: The Truth Behind The Yellow Wallpaper1318 Words   |  6 Pages A Woman Indefinitely Plagued: The Truth Behind The Yellow Wallpaper In The Yellow Wallpaper, a young woman and her husband rent out a country house so the woman can get over her â€Å"temporary nervous depression.† She ends up staying in a large upstairs room, once used as a â€Å"playroom and gymnasium, [†¦] for the windows are barred for little children, and there are rings and things in the walls.† A â€Å"smoldering unclean yellow† wallpaper, â€Å"strangely faded by the slow-turning sunlight,† lines the walls,Read MoreCritical Analysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper1915 Words   |  8 PagesWhen â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is viewed within the scopes of New Historical, Feminist, Psychoanalytical, Ethical and Reader response criticisms, the reader should first be imparted with the understanding of who Charlotte Perkins Gilman was, what she stood for, the time period in which the story was written, and how aspects of her cultural and historical background related to it. Second, how the circumstances imposed upon w omen’s freedom of thought. Third, the reader shall ascertain how Freud’s PsychoanalyticalRead MoreWomen s Speech At The United Nations1740 Words   |  7 Pagesin her short story, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† in which she illustrates a family where feminism does not exist to prove her point on the equality among men and women. Primarily, Stetson’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written from the inspiration she received from her personal experiences. Before her marriage Stetson’s, maiden name was Gilman for which she was widely known as. Charlotte was born with the name Charlotte Anna Perkins as she was the daughter of Frederick Beecher Perkins and Mary Fitch WescottRead MoreVoices Of The Woman Beyond The Pattern1484 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Voices of the Woman Beyond the Pattern† The Yellow Wallpaper, written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1892, is at first glance the story of a woman driven to madness in a desperate attempt to escape the strict confines placed on her by the treatment regime of the day. More than that though, Gilman has created an alter ego to give voice to her own experiences and frustrations with the societal constraints imposed on women at the time of its publishing. This tale of disempowerment and the subjugationRead MoreYellow Wallpaper1673 Words   |  7 PagesSvetlana Kryzhanovskaya Prof. Grajeda ENC 3014-MidTerm Paper March 12, 2012 Structuralism amp; Feminist Theory ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ written by Charlotte Gilman can be affectively analyzed from two schools of thought structuralism and feminist theory. Though structuralists’ deny the work of literature any connection to its author (it must be what it is, no underlying meaning) feminist theory must first and foremost be understood in its historical framework. By the turn of the century,

Bilingual Education A Part Of Our Education System

Kee Yang 9/30/2014 EngWR 302 Prof. Carter Bilingual Education Bilingual education has been a part of our education system since the 1920’s when the nation’s first bilingual program was established. In the 21st century, California has the most diverse student population in the world, with more than 100 languages spoken in homes of these student (Maggie Beddow) (pg VI). Since many California students came from another country with no background knowledge of the English language, they faced the real struggle when they are put into school. Many view that the more diverse the student population in a school, the â€Å"bigger† the issue when it comes to learning English. It is a challenge to teach a classroom where the students are not on the same†¦show more content†¦Because we live in the most diverse state and city, educators must have to find all the possibilities to be to teach these student to the extent that they will have the potential to become proficient in English. Therefore, bilingual education is one of the m ost successful form of teaching that will give non-native speakers the ability to become educated in the English language. First of all, let’s starts with some terminologies when talking about bilingual education/ program. Bilingual education is an educational program where students receive instruction in both their first language (L1), and second languages (L2) to keep them from falling behind in their content learning and to encourage the development of their first language while they are learning English. Most student who participate in Bilingual educational programs are consider English as a second language student (ESL). There are other terms that are very similar and has the same meaning such as English Language Development (ELD) and English Leaner (EL). These terms refers to non-native speakers who is learning English in school (Beddow). Most educators used these terms to coin student who are in the process of learning English as a new language. Typically, English lea rners speak a primary language other than English at home such as Hmong, Spanish, Chinese, etc, just to name a few. Over the last several decades, the numbers of English Learners have steadily increase throughout the United States.

A Model of Image Creation and Image Transfer Free Essays

string(106) " musical extravaganza drawing over 500,000 people\) might include tradition, celebration and civic pride\." Today, although still representing a small percentage of the overall promotional budget, the outlay of rumination dollars for sponsorship castles Is growing rapidly (Parker, 1991; Candler and Shank, 1989; Scott and Chard, 1992). Not only are today’s sponsorships more sophisticated (I. E. We will write a custom essay sample on A Model of Image Creation and Image Transfer or any similar topic only for you Order Now , more than simply the donation of cash for event production but most firms are expecting a reasonable return on their sponsorship dollar in the form of increased sales (Octahedron and Van Kirk, 1992). While firms enter into sponsorship arrangements with a variety of goals, two of the most important are: to increase brand awareness; and to establish, strengthen, or change brand image Crowley, 1991; Marshall and Cook, 1992; Meghan, 1991; Memorable teal . , 1991). Recently, these goals have been theorized to be important in the development of customer-based brand equity, defined as the differential effect of brand knowledge on the consumer’s purchase decision (Keller, 1993). In Seller’s conceptualization, brand knowledge (which drives customer-based brand equity) Is a function of both the consumer’s awareness of the brand and the Image(s) associated with that awareness. â€Å"In particular, the variability, strength, and uniqueness of the brand associations play a critical role in determining the differential response† (Keller, 1993, p. 8). Brand awareness is achieved by exposing the brand to as many potential consumers as possible (Asker, 1 991 ). Sponsorship activities present multiple opportunities for achieving awareness objectives, and much of the research to Image creation model 145 International Marketing Review, Volvo. 14 No. 3, 1997, up. 145-158. MAC university press, 0265-1335 International Marketing Review date in the sponsorship literature has focused on awareness issues such as sponsor recall (e. G. McDaniel and Kinney, 1996). Regrettably, less attention has been given to event and brand image issues. A number of questions exist regarding the effect of sponsorship promotional activities on brand and event image. For example: ; What factors contribute to an event’s image? ; Do consumers associate an event’s image with sponsoring brands? ; If there is an image association between event and sponsor, is there a theoretical explanation that can be used to understand this linkage? ; If there is an image association between event and sponsor, what factors moderate (strengthen or weaken) this relationship? How does event image influence attitude towards the brand? Although attempts at measuring the return on the sponsorship investment have been made (e. G. , total event attendance, exit polls, sales following the event, and number of media mentions), an understanding of how sponsorship â€Å"works† has yet to be developed (Octahedron and Van Kirk, 1992; Cavalry et al. , 1994; Memorable teal . , 1991; Parker, 1991). The purpose of this article is to present a model exp laining the mechanisms by which brand image may be impacted through sponsorship activities. Specifically, drawing on the theory of meaning rareness from the celebrity endorsement literature, a model is presented which suggests the factors involved in creating an event’s image and the subsequent transfer of that image to the sponsoring brand. Furthermore, several factors are identified that may moderate the relationship between event image and brand image. While the focus of this article is on the conceptual development of image transfer in sponsorship, a variety of research propositions are offered to guide future empirical inquiry. A framework for the transfer of event image Model conceptualization and overview Brand image has been defined as â€Å"perceptions about brand as reflected by the brand associations held in memory’ (Keller, 1993, p. 3). Keller suggests that the variability, uniqueness, and strength of the associations are critical to a brand’s success. Brand associations are developed from a variety of sources including product use, informational sources (e. G. , advertising, packaging, word-of-mouth), and association with other entities. The â€Å"association with other entities† source is of particular relevance to sponsorship activity. Keller has suggested that when a brand becomes associated with an event, some of the associations linked with the event (e. . , youthful, relaxing, enjoyable, disappointing, sophisticated, elite, etc. ) may become linked in memory with the brand. This transfer of associations is consistent with research in the celebrity endorsement process. Initial research regarding celebrity endorsement focused on the credibility and attractiveness of the message source (I. E. Celebrity) to explain the persuasive nature of endorsers. That is, more credible and attractive endorsers were viewed as more persuasive. However, McCracken (1989), pointing to conflicting research results, suggested that endorsement effectiveness is better explained by the â€Å"meanings† consumers associate with the celebrity endorser and subsequently transfer to the brand. McCracken uses the term â€Å"meani ng† to describe consumers’ overall assessments of what a celebrity â€Å"represents† based on counterblasts sun as social class, gender, age, personality Ana Testily. In individual characteristics (e. . , regal, trashy, maleness, strong, caring, sexual, irreverent, wise) are integrated to define the meaning of the celebrity. Meaning which has been accumulated through their roles in â€Å"television, movies, military, athletics, ND other careers† is thought to reside in celebrities (McCracken, 1989, p. 315). According to McCracken, the meaning attributed to celebrities moves from the celebrity endorser to the product when the two are paired in an advertisement. That is, meanings associated with the celebrity become associated with the product in the mind of the consumer. To complete the meaning transfer process, consumers acquire the meaning in the product through consumption. This process is illustrated in Figure 1. 147 Figure 1 . Meaning movement in the endorsement process McCracken (1989) â€Å"meaning† in celebrities is analogous to Seller’s (1993) event associations. Following the convention set forward by Keller with reference to brand image, this article uses the term event â€Å"image† to represent the cumulative interpretation of meanings or associations attributed to events by consumers. A comparison can be drawn between celebrity endorsers and events. Just as consumers associate celebrities with certain meanings, so too are events associated with particular attributes and attitudes. It is suggested here that these associations are derived from the event’s type, event characteristics, and several individual consumer factors. This is not unlike the meaning attributed to a celebrity being formed by the various roles he or she occupies. For example, event associations attributed to the annual Chicago Blues Festival (a food and musical extravaganza drawing over 500,000 people) might include tradition, celebration and civic pride. You read "A Model of Image Creation and Image Transfer" in category "Papers" Extending this concept of meaning transfer from the celebrity endorser literature, it is suggested that events act in a manner analogous to endorsers in the transfer of image to sponsoring brands. The framework presented in Figure 2 theorizes from McCracken celebrity endorsement model to suggest that International Marketing Review 14,3 148 Figure 2. A model of image creation and image transfer in event sponsorship event image is formed from a number of external and internal factors. Through sponsorship, an event’s image, which may be relatively distinct for different consumer groups, may be transferred through association to the sponsoring product. As indicated in the figure, several factors may moderate the strength of this image transfer. This discussion leads to the offering of the first research proposition: Pl : Through sponsorship, an event’s image will become associated with the sponsoring Dragon ‘s Image. Determinants of event image An event’s image is represented by a particular market segment’s overall subjective perceptions of the activity. The proposed framework suggests three factors that may impact one’s perception of a particular event: event type, event characteristics, and individual factors. Event type . In accordance with the earlier definition, event type can be categorized into at least five areas: sports related, music related, festival/fair related, fine arts related (e. G. Ballet, art exhibit, theatre, etc. ), and professional meeting/trade show related. The type of event impacts event image in a variety of ways. First, it conjures up image associations in the mind of the consumer. That is, most individuals, through past patronage or other forms of exposure (word-of-mouth, television, etc. ) will develop some attitudes (I. E. , positive or negative predispositions towards an event) regarding particular events. These attitudes will serve to frame the image of the particular event type. Note however, that one’s attitude towards an event is only one part of an event’s image. One’s attitude towards an event represents a summary of experiences resulting in some mineral predisposition to respond to an event in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner. Thus, event attitude is an enduring evaluation (Cohen, 1990). While an event’s image will be strongly influenced by one’s attitude towards the event, event image will also be impacted by non-evaluative perceptions of an event that are formed through associations held in the consumer’s memory (Keller, 1993). In this sense, event image reflects the meaning of the event for an individual, and can be characterized using descriptive labels that represent a summation of one’s perceptions. These labels, termed image associations, would include: youthful, mature, carefree, adventurous, educational, social, traditional, exclusive, common, liberal, conservative, high class, family oriented, children oriented, cerebral, athletic, artistic, pride, political, etc. Thus, event image can be thought of as a collection of image associations. In addition to past experiences and other indirect exposures, it is likely that new experiences will shape one’s perception of event image. In fact, image perceptions formed from the most recent event experiences will likely be the most influential in shaping one’s overall event image receptions (Baggage and Warsaw, 1990). New experiences can be divided into two types: the specific activities engaged in or observed; and all interactions with other event attendees/participants and event staff. It is through these two experiences that past event images may be changed or modified and new image associations can be added. The specific activities engaged in or observed may be the same for all participants[l] (e. G. , attendees at a soccer match) or quite varied (e. G. , the individual rides and attractions selected at a local festival), depending on the type of event. Regardless of the similarity of experiences, the essential issue is that a given consumer’s specific event experiences or observations will shape their perceptions of event image. It is also argued here that the number and type of other participants will have an impact on one’s evaluation of the event’s image. For example, the number of spectators may impact one’s assessment of the success of the event. Perhaps events may be viewed as more successful when they draw more attendees. In Alton, ten under AT participants may Impact perceptions AT crowding, event availability, and wait times. Type of participant† represents the demographic and cryptographic characteristics of others attending the event. The attendees at some events represent relatively homogeneous market segments in terms of social class, family life cycle, age, gender, political affiliation, etc. For example, spectators of professional golf tournaments may be middle aged, white males, with above median incomes. In other cases, events draw heterogeneous types of participants. Just as other customers can have a substantial impact on consumer’s perceptions of service firms, so too can other participants have an impact on one’s event experiences and bequest assessment of event image (Bitter et al. , 1994). These factors, perceptions based on past experiences, event activities, and the number and type of spectator/participant, constitute one aspect that will serve to shape consumers’ overall subjective perceptions of a given event. Based on the above discussion, several research propositions are suggested: 149 International Marketing Review 14,3 150 App: Direct experience and/or indirect information (word-of-mouth, advertising, etc. ) with an event type will influence event image. Pub: The specific activities experienced or observed during an event will influence event image. PC: The number and type of other spectators/participants will influence event image. Event characteristics. Within a given event type (e. G. , music concert series, trade show, etc. ), a number of characteristics will vary from event to event. The â€Å"level† of the following five event characteristics will likely influence consumers’ perceptions of an event’s overall image: event size, professional status of participants (professional or amateur), tradition/history associated with the event, event venue, and promotional appearance. Event size can be considered along a number of dimensions, including Engel of event, level of media exposure (local, regional, national, international), number of performers (if applicable), and amount of physical space occupied. The same type of event, for example electronic industry trade shows, can vary along all of these dimensions, creating different images for the same event type. Likewise, other event characteristics such as the professional status of performers (professional versus amateur) or the venue in which the event is staged (e. . , temperature, convenience, physical condition, etc. ) will impact one’s overall assessment of the event’s image. One could theorize that, in most cases, perceptions of quality, legitimacy, and attendance desirability will be higher with long running, large, elaborately staged events, featuring professionals in attractive and convenient venues. The perceived promotional appearance of a brand’s sponsorship activities may a ppear anywhere along a spectrum from advertiser to benefactor. A perception towards the benefactor end of the spectrum may lead to increased feelings of goodwill towards the brand because it is perceived as donating funds to make the event possible (McDonald, 1 ) conversely, tanner may De a negative reaction to ten Americanization of events that have not been sponsored in the past. These events may be perceived as â€Å"selling out† to the corporate world. This has become especially true in the Arts, where some individuals feel that sponsorship (corporate or governmental) of the Arts leads to censorship Jacobson, 1993; Wood, 1996) . However, due to increasing costs, it has become even more critical for events to obtain outside sponsors in order to continue to exist. To take full advantage of the goodwill aspects, the sponsoring brand may need to educate attendees regarding the beneficial role sponsorship plays in event production. Due to its association with the event, a sponsoring brand’s promotional claims can be legitimated, which serves to increase the believability of the promotional message (McDonald, 1991). Additionally, a sponsoring firm may be perceived as making an event possible for the consumer (Chew, 1992; McDonald, 1991). The perception may be especially strong for small events which often have difficulty securing financial support. In this sense, the consumer does not view the sponsorship as a form of promotion, but rather the sponsoring brand is seen as providing a service to the attendee and a level of dowdily is generated by the firm. Again, the skepticism that can be associated with traditional advertising may be circumvented. Brands that are viewed as â€Å"benefactors† will be seen in a more favorable light. The consumer may even feel the need or desire to reciprocate by purchasing the brand. Following from the above discussion, the following research propositions are suggested: App: Event size will influence event image. Pub: Professional status of participants will influence event image. PC: Tradition/history associated with the event will influence event image. Pad: Event venue will influence event image. Pee: Promotional appearance will influence event image. Individual factors. Because of the large number of factors influencing event image and the unique manner in which participants may interpret those factors, an event may have different images for different individuals. Qualitative research has revealed each sport to have its own individual image, and sponsors will tend to benefit from image transfer accordingly’ (Parker, 1991, p. 26). Three individual factors are suggested here that may impact event image: the number of images an individual associates with an vent; the strength of the particular image; and the past history one has with a specific event. Thi s last factor differs from the â€Å"past experience† factor discussed under event type. Past history refers to the unique experiences associated with a specific event, whereas past experiences refers to encounters with a general event type. Events that consumers perceive as having multiple images will be more difficult to associate with a single identity. This will be compounded when the meanings are of a conflicting nature. Thus, an individual with many event associations may have a hafting image of the event, depending on which association is currently most salient. Related to this is that images can be very strong or relatively weak. It is likely that a single strong image will dominate over several weaker ones. This will cause an event Image to De consistent over time, out Limits ten realness Tanat multiple Image associations would confer. Finally, an individual’s personal history with a particular event may have an impact on one’s perception of an event’s image. A long history will typically lead to a more ingrained and consistent image. An individual that has attended or has been associated with an event for a substantial time period may also have nostalgic feelings that become associated with the event’s image. Events that have multiple or vague images pose problems for a firm’s sponsorship selection decision because it becomes more difficult to predict the image that may become associated with the event, and ultimately â€Å"transferred† to the product. The above discussion leads to the following research propositions: App: Individuals associating an event with a large number of images will have difficulty identifying a consistent event image. 151 International Marketing Review 14,3 152 Pub: Individuals with a single, strong image association will have consistent event images over time. PC: Individuals with a single, strong image association will have less rich event images. Pad: Individuals with long-term participation in an event will hold a consistent event image for that event. This section has identified three broad areas (event type, event characteristics, and individual factors) that influence the creation of an event’s image, although there may be some event image determinants not explicitly discussed in the previous section. It is likely that any unrepresented actors could be accommodated within the proposed areas. The next section discusses constructs that may moderate the relationship between event image and brand image. Moderating variables in the model Potential moderating variables presented in the model are discussed in two sections. In the first section variables potentially impacting the strength of the image transfer from event to brand are discussed. As such, variables pertaining to the formation of strong memory associations (degree of similarity) and exposure to the sponsor’s message (level of sponsorship and event frequency) are discussed. The second section on moderating rabbles examines how one’s involvement with a product may moderate the impact of the event’s image on brand attitude. Attitude towards the event and attitude towards the brand are conceptualized and discussed as being components of event image and brand image, respectively. Although not illustrated in Figure 2, these attitude components should be considered as a part of each of the respective â€Å"image† boxes in the figure. Moderators between event image and brand image This section will discuss three moderating variables impacting the strength of the â€Å"transfer† between an event’s image and the image of a sponsoring brand. As indicated above, the basis of the relationship is the meaning transfer between these constructs and it is this process that the moderating variables are proposed to influence. The first moderating factor to be discussed in the image transfer process is the degree of similarity between the event Ana ten sponsor. A product can nave letter Atonally or Image related similarity with an event. Functional similarity occurs when a sponsoring product is actually used by participants during the event. An example of this type of similarity is Valentine’s sponsorship of automobile racing. The link is established because, apart room being a sponsor, Valentine’s motor oil products are actually used by many of the participants during the event. The second type of similarity is termed image related, and occurs when the image of the event is related to the image of the brand. An example of this type of linkage is Pepsin’s sponsorship of the 1993 Michael Jackson World Concert Tour. Here the similarity comes from the youth and excitement orientation of both the music and the product. Interestingly, some sponsors do not appear to be linked to the events they sponsor. For example, the USAFG Sugar Bowl combined a large insurance firm with a collegiate football game. It is suggested here that either functional or image based similarities forge stronger ties and help the consumer to link the event image with the brand. Thus, sponsor- event similarity (functional or image based) will enhance image transfer by more firmly anchoring the relationship in the consumer’s mind. This assertion is consistent with some celebrity endorsement literature which suggests that â€Å"MIS-matches† between endorser and brand decrease the effectiveness of the endorsement (Katie, 1987). A second factor that may moderate the image transfer from event to sponsoring brand is the level of sponsorship. Sponsorship arrangements can run the gamut from a single sponsor to hundreds of sponsors at many different levels. Multiple sponsors for a given event lessens the probability that a particular brand will be associated with the event, due to the additional stimuli each consumer must attend to and recall (Hutchinson and Alba, 1991). Often, events allowing multiple sponsors will offer different â€Å"levels† of sponsorship. By contributing different dollar amounts to the event, the sponsor can buy enhanced packages. These enhancements include better sign/banner location, more frequent media mentions, and premium kicked and hospitality packages. Exclusive sponsorship, or at least a dominant position, will increase the likelihood of meaning transfer from the event to the sponsoring brand by more firmly establishing the link between event and brand. The frequency of the event will also have an impact on the image transfer process. Events may be on either a one-time or recurring basis. Although a onetime event does not allow recurring event-sponsor associations to be developed over time, some events may be of such a unique nature that they attract a great deal of media attention (e. G. , Hands-Across-America). However, an ongoing event (annual, semi-annual, monthly, etc. Should have the benefit of more firmly establishing a link between the event and the brand due to repeated exposures (Manacling et al. , 1991). The above discussion leads to the following research propositions: App: The higher the degree of similarity (image or functional based) between event and sponsoring brand, the more effective the image transfer between e vent and brand. Pub: The more exclusive the level of sponsorship, the more effective the image transfer between event and brand. PC: The more frequent the event, the more effective the image transfer between event ND brand. Image creation m Ode I 153 Moderators between event image and attitude towards the brand As discussed previously, one’s attitude towards the event will help to shape one’s image of the event. Thus, event attitude is a component of event image. Likewise, attitude towards the brand is considered under this framework as a International Marketing Review 14,3 154 component of brand image. Indeed, recent conceptualizations of brand image include an attitude component (Keller, 1993). As such, the model presented in Figure 2 suggests that event image will have an impact on attitude towards the brand. However, might there be situations in which this relationship is moderated by another factor? Advertising research with endorsers has demonstrated that product involvement level (defined as the level of personal relevance a product has to a consumer, resulting from the perceived level of risk associated with the product’s consumption or non-consumption) can impact the attitude formation process (Petty et al. , 1983). â€Å"Specifically, we have shown that when an advertisement concerned a product of low involvement, the celebrity status of the product endorsers was a very potent determinant of attitudes about the product. When the advertisement concerned a product of high involvement, however, the celebrity status of the product endorsers had no effect on attitudes, but the cogency of the information about the product contained in the ad was a powerful determinant of product evaluations† (Petty et al. , 1983, p. 143). Following from this research, level of product involvement should moderate the relationship between event image and attitude towards the brand, such that event image will have a larger impact on brand attitude for a low involvement product. The influence of event image on brand attitude can be understood further by considering the type of persuasion process likely to occur. Petty and Capacious (1986) elaboration likelihood model (ELM) suggests that persuasion can occur along two routes. The central route to persuasion occurs when an individual bases product evaluation on â€Å"diligent consideration of information that a person feels is central to the true merits of an issue or product† (Petty et al. , 1983, p. 144). The second route to attitude change, peripheral, suggests that change may also occur through the association of the object with positive or negative cues (e. G. , expert source, pleasant surroundings, forceful presentation, etc. ). This conceptualization of the peripheral persuasion route is consistent with Seller’s (1993) position of links in memory being established between an event and the sponsor. One characteristic of sponsorship that distinguishes it from some other promotional methods is its indirect nature (McDonald, 1991). That is, the sponsorship is, at best, a secondary concern (behind the actual event) for the participant. Furthermore, other than the brand’s name and/or logo, seldom is any type of commercial message associated with the firm’s products. Thus, sponsorship would appear to operate along Petty and Capacious peripheral persuasion route due to this indirect nature, and lack AT available cognizant International. Emplace tests AT ten ELM model suggest Tanat ten central route to persuasion is more effective for high involvement goods, while the peripheral route has a higher impact on low involvement goods (Petty et al. , 1983). Theorizing from the ELM, one could conclude that when the sponsoring brand is a low involvement product, event image will be a potent force in determining brand attitude. Conversely, the promotional benefit, in terms of attitude change, for high involvement products appears to be small. Product involvement is only likely to be applicable when the sponsorship is focused at the brand level, as opposed to the sponsorship focus being at the firm level. The discussion in this section gives rise to the following research propositions: App: Brand attitudes of low involvement goods will be strongly influenced by event image. Pub: Brand attitudes of high involvement goods will be weakly influenced by event image. PC: Persuasion processes from event sponsorship take place on the peripheral route. Implications for practice and research Implications for practice Several implications for marketing practice can be drawn from the proposed model. First, firms should consider more than simply the number of potential customers their sponsorship signage and other identifiers will reach. It is important to consider the image of the event, as this image may become associated with the brand. An event’s image can be assessed through a variety of methods. However, given its potentially ambiguous and transitory nature, qualitative methods in the form of depth interviews, focus groups, and projective techniques, are likely to provide the best view of how consumers perceive a given event. Event organizers might take it on themselves to conduct such studies and use the results to recruit potential sponsors. In the course of such research, event organizers may find that the image of their event is not what they thought. Furthermore, it would be wise for event image studies to take place on a regular basis to assess changes in event image over time. This would allow event organizers to take corrective action in a timely manner. The proposed model suggests a variety of event image determinants that could be manipulated to position a given event in a different light. In terms of the sponsoring rand, the model suggests several aspects of sponsorship that should be considered when deciding on potential event affiliations. One aspect that should be considered, in light of image transfer benefits, is the degree of similarity between the event and the brand. Brand awareness benefits are likely to accrue regardless of similarity levels, but it has been argued here that image associations will be more likely when some link exists, either image or functional, in the consumer’s mind. Firms looking to add sponsorship activities to their promotional mix should also consider the level of pensioners and frequency of the event. Although most firms will look at these aspects with an eye towards the total dollar commitment, it may also be wise to consider the meaning transfer implications. As discussed previously, exclusive sponsorships in events occurring on a frequent basis will likely maximize the image transfer potential of the sponsorship purchase. Finally, firms should consider whether image transfer benefits will actually have any influence on consumers’ attitudes towards their brand and ultimately their purchase intention. The model suggests that, in terms of impacting a How to cite A Model of Image Creation and Image Transfer, Papers